Background

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes significantly increases the risk of coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure through mechanisms involving hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. Early cardiovascular risk assessment is essential for preventing adverse outcomes and improving patient management.

Objective

To assess cardiovascular risk factors among diabetic patients and identify major predictors associated with increased cardiovascular complications.

Methods

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 350 diabetic patients attending outpatient clinics at tertiary healthcare centers. Clinical, biochemical, and demographic data were collected and analyzed. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using established risk parameters including blood pressure, lipid profile, glycemic control, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and duration of diabetes.

Results

Among the participants, 68.6% exhibited moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk. Hypertension (62.9%), dyslipidemia (58.3%), obesity (44.9%), and smoking (24.6%) were major contributors. Poor glycemic control (HbA1c >8%) was significantly associated with elevated cardiovascular risk (p<0.001).

Conclusion

Cardiovascular risk factors are highly prevalent among diabetic patients. Comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment and early intervention strategies are necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality in this population.