Background

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior. Early diagnosis is critical because timely intervention can significantly improve developmental, behavioral, educational, and social outcomes. Despite growing awareness, many children continue to experience delayed diagnosis, particularly in low-resource settings.

Objective

To assess the effectiveness of early screening and diagnostic approaches for Autism Spectrum Disorder and identify clinical indicators associated with early diagnosis.

Methods

A multicenter observational study was conducted among 850 children aged 12–60 months referred for developmental assessment between January 2022 and December 2024. Developmental history, screening results, clinical assessments, and diagnostic outcomes were analyzed. Screening tools included the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised (M-CHAT-R), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2), and developmental assessments. Logistic regression analysis identified predictors of early ASD diagnosis.

Results

Among 850 participants, 312 children (36.7%) received a confirmed ASD diagnosis. Delayed speech (78.5%), poor eye contact (72.4%), lack of social reciprocity (68.9%), and repetitive behaviors (61.5%) were the most common early indicators. M-CHAT-R demonstrated a sensitivity of 91.2% and specificity of 84.6%. Children diagnosed before age three years showed significantly better language and adaptive behavior outcomes after intervention.

Conclusion

Early screening and recognition of developmental warning signs substantially improve ASD diagnosis and intervention outcomes. Universal developmental surveillance and timely referral systems are essential for maximizing developmental potential among children with ASD.