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European Journal of Medical Practitioners
2025, Volume 3, Issue 2 : 1-6
Research Article
Immunization Coverage and Determinants Among Children: A Cross-Sectional Study on Vaccination Uptake and Associated Factors
Emily J. Watson
1
 ,
Michael R. Turner
2
 ,
Sophia K. Bennett
3
 ,
David L. Harrison
4
1
Department of Community Medicine, Global Institute of Public Health, New York, USA
2
School of Epidemiology and Population Health, International Medical University, London, United Kingdom
3
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Metropolitan Medical Research Center, Singapore
4
Center for Public Health Policy and Healthcare Equity, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences, Australia
Abstract

Background

Childhood immunization is one of the most effective public health interventions for preventing vaccine-preventable diseases and reducing child mortality. Despite substantial progress in global vaccination programs, disparities in immunization coverage persist due to socioeconomic, educational, healthcare access, and cultural factors.

Objective

To assess immunization coverage among children aged 12–59 months and identify determinants associated with complete and incomplete vaccination status.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,000 children aged 12–59 months. Information regarding vaccination status, parental characteristics, healthcare access, socioeconomic conditions, and knowledge regarding immunization was collected through structured interviews and immunization record reviews.

Results

Overall full immunization coverage was 78.6%. Higher coverage was significantly associated with maternal education, institutional delivery, regular healthcare visits, urban residence, and higher household income. Lack of awareness, distance to healthcare facilities, vaccine hesitancy, and low parental education were major determinants of incomplete immunization.

Conclusion

Although childhood immunization coverage has improved considerably, gaps remain among disadvantaged populations. Strengthening community awareness, healthcare accessibility, and parental education can improve vaccination uptake and support universal immunization goals.

 

 

Keywords
Immunization Coverage
Vaccination
Child Health
Public Health
Vaccine Uptake
Immunization Determinants
Pediatric Health
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